Uzbekistan is the most populous country in central Asia and the thudding heart of the Silk Road – betwixt its borders are all manner of marvels, the likes of which would make anyone stand and stare.

Alternative Titles: Ŭzbekiston, Ŭzbekiston Respublikasi, Republic of Uzbekistan Uzbekistan, officially Republic of Uzbekistan, Uzbek Ŭzbekiston or Ŭzbekistan Respublikasi, country in. It lies mainly between two major rivers, the Syr Darya (ancient Jaxartes River) to the northeast and the Amu Darya (ancient Oxus River) to the southwest, though they only partly form its boundaries. Uzbekistan is bordered by to the northwest and north, and to the east and southeast, to the south, and to the southwest.

The republic of Qoraqalpoghiston ( ) is located in the western third of the country. The government established the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic as a (union) republic of the in 1924. Uzbekistan declared its independence from the Soviet Union on 31, 1991. The capital is (Toshkent). Aral Sea Shrinkage of the Aral Sea, 1960–2009. Adapted from Philip Micklin, Western Michigan University The diversion of the Amu Darya and the Syr Darya has resulted in intense salinization of the sea, which also has suffered tremendous from insecticides and chemical fertilizers during the past several decades.

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This chemical pollution and the decline in water level have killed the once-flourishing, grounded most ships that formerly worked within the Aral’s shores, and contaminated wide areas around the sea with salty lethal dust. This in turn has poisoned vegetables and drinking water, most harmfully affecting the health and livelihood of the human population around the Aral Sea littoral. Climate Marked aridity and much sunshine characterize the region, with rainfall averaging only 8 inches (200 mm) annually. Most rain falls in winter and spring, with higher levels in the mountains and minimal amounts over deserts. The average July is 90 °F (32 °C), but daytime air temperatures in Tashkent and elsewhere frequently surpass 104 °F (40 °C). Bukhara’s high summer heat contrasts with the cooler temperatures in the mountains.

In order to accommodate to these patterns, Uzbeks favour houses with windows facing away from the sun but open to porches and tree-filled courtyards shut off from the streets. Although more than 600 streams crisscross Uzbekistan, the climate strongly affects drainage, because river water rapidly escapes through evaporation and filtration or runs off into irrigation systems. Plant and animal life Vegetation patterns in Uzbekistan vary largely according to altitude. The lowlands in the west have a thin natural cover of desert sedge and grass.